{"status":"ok","count":20,"limit":20,"offset":0,"total":117,"items":[{"id":138,"slug":"women-decision-making-processes-within-traditional-institutions-in-bayelsa-state","title":"Women Decision-Making Processes Within Traditional Institutions in Bayelsa State","url":"https://cartcarl.com/paper/women-decision-making-processes-within-traditional-institutions-in-bayelsa-state","doi":"https://doi.org/10.70726/cam.2026.6583006","published_at":"2026-10-22T22:32:23+00:00","discipline":"MultiDisciplinary Studies","journal":"Carl Advance Multidisciplinary","authors":["Yabaka F. T.","Onyige, C. D.","Kpae, G."],"abstract":"This study examined the extent of\r\n\r\nwomen’s inclusion in decision-making processes within traditional institutions\r\n\r\nin Bayelsa State, with particular attention to their representation in\r\n\r\ntraditional decision-making councils, participation in formal peace\r\n\r\nnegotiations, involvement in peacebuilding discussions, consideration of their\r\n\r\nopinions during traditional conflict resolution, and the availability of\r\n\r\nstructured mechanisms supporting their inclusion. A descriptive survey research\r\n\r\ndesign was adopted, and data were analysed using descriptive statistics,\r\n\r\nincluding mean scores and standard deviations. The analysis was based on\r\n\r\nresponses from 387 respondents, as presented in Table 4.1. The findings\r\n\r\nrevealed a generally low extent of women’s inclusion in traditional\r\n\r\ndecision-making processes, with a grand mean of 2.09 and a standard deviation\r\n\r\nof 0.92. All five indicators recorded mean scores below the benchmark of 2.50.\r\n\r\nThe highest mean score was recorded for the consideration of women’s opinions\r\n\r\nduring traditional conflict resolution processes (M = 2.17, SD = 0.93),\r\n\r\nfollowed by the encouragement of women’s involvement in peacebuilding\r\n\r\ndiscussions (M = 2.20, SD = 0.95). However, the availability of structured\r\n\r\nmechanisms supporting women’s inclusion recorded the lowest mean score (M =\r\n\r\n1.97, SD = 0.88), while adequate representation in traditional decision-making\r\n\r\ncouncils also remained low (M = 2.03, SD = 0.90). These findings suggest that\r\n\r\nwomen’s participation in traditional institutions was limited, particularly in\r\n\r\nterms of formal representation and institutionalized opportunities for\r\n\r\ninvolvement. The study concludes that strengthening women’s inclusion requires\r\n\r\nimproved representation in traditional councils, the establishment of formal\r\n\r\nparticipation mechanisms, and greater opportunities for women to contribute\r\n\r\nmeaningfully to peacebuilding and conflict-resolution processes. "},{"id":137,"slug":"simulation-based-reliability-centered-maintenance-framework-for-instrumentation-loops-in-petrochemical-process-units","title":"Simulation-Based Reliability-Centered Maintenance Framework for Instrumentation Loops in Petrochemical Process Units","url":"https://cartcarl.com/paper/simulation-based-reliability-centered-maintenance-framework-for-instrumentation-loops-in-petrochemical-process-units","doi":"https://doi.org/10.70726/STEM-E.2026.956X003","published_at":"2026-10-22T22:08:38+00:00","discipline":"MultiDisciplinary Studies","journal":"STEM Essentials","authors":["Ndeekor P. Z.","Nwazor, N.O.","Orakwue, S. I."],"abstract":"Instrumentation-loop\r\n\r\nfaults can degrade control accuracy and process stability in petrochemical\r\n\r\nfacilities, sometimes without causing an immediate shutdown. This paper\r\n\r\npresents a simulation-based reliability-centered maintenance (RCM) framework\r\n\r\nthat links fault-response analysis with Failure Mode and Effects Analysis\r\n\r\n(FMEA) to guide maintenance prioritisation. A representative tank-level control\r\n\r\nloop was formulated using a mass-balance model and implemented in\r\n\r\nMATLAB/Simulink as a closed-loop system containing a PID controller, process\r\n\r\nmodel, sensor, actuator path and feedback signal. Four conditions were\r\n\r\nexamined: sensor drift, measurement noise, sudden fault injection and increased\r\n\r\nprocess delay. Their observed effects were assessed using severity, occurrence\r\n\r\nand detectability ratings, and Risk Priority Numbers (RPNs) were calculated.\r\n\r\nSensor drift produced the highest RPN (336), followed by sudden fault injection\r\n\r\n(216), increased process delay (175) and measurement noise (140). The response\r\n\r\npatterns indicated that the faults affect different aspects of performance:\r\n\r\ndrift can produce a stable but biased operating point; noise degrades feedback-signal\r\n\r\nquality; sudden disturbance creates a pronounced transient deviation; and\r\n\r\nincreased delay slows the response and extends settling. The resulting\r\n\r\nmaintenance logic prioritises calibration and condition monitoring for drift,\r\n\r\nrapid fault detection for abrupt disturbances, preventive servicing for delayed\r\n\r\nresponse, and inspection of wiring, grounding and shielding for noise. The\r\n\r\nframework offers a transparent way to connect simulated behaviour to\r\n\r\nmaintenance decisions. Because the work used a representative simulated loop\r\n\r\nand engineering-judgment FMEA ratings rather than field failure records, the\r\n\r\nfindings should be treated as a decision-support demonstration, not as a\r\n\r\nmeasured reliability improvement for a live plant."},{"id":136,"slug":"social-economic-cultural-and-environmental-determinants-of-drug-culture-among-youths-in-the-niger-delta-region-of-nigeria","title":"Social, Economic, Cultural, and Environmental Determinants of Drug Culture Among Youths in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria","url":"https://cartcarl.com/paper/social-economic-cultural-and-environmental-determinants-of-drug-culture-among-youths-in-the-niger-delta-region-of-nigeria","doi":"https://doi.org/10.70726/aarb.2026.9586006 ","published_at":"2026-10-22T21:48:26+00:00","discipline":"MultiDisciplinary Studies","journal":"Advance African Research Bulletin","authors":["Wokocha C. L.","Onyige, D. C.","Kpae, G."],"abstract":"This study examined emerging trends and patterns of drug culture among\r\n\r\nyouths in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria, with particular emphasis on peer\r\n\r\ninfluence, social acceptance, community visibility, substance availability, and\r\n\r\ninformal drug distribution networks. The study was motivated by concerns about\r\n\r\nthe social and community factors that may contribute to the normalisation of\r\n\r\nsubstance use among young people. The Social-Ecological Model explains\r\n\r\nhealth-related behaviour as the product of interactions among individual\r\n\r\ncharacteristics, interpersonal relationships, institutions, community\r\n\r\nconditions, and broader policies. Data were analysed using descriptive\r\n\r\nstatistics, including mean scores, standard deviations, frequencies, and\r\n\r\npercentages. The findings revealed substantial agreement among respondents\r\n\r\nregarding the identified emerging drug-culture patterns, with mean scores\r\n\r\nranging from 3.70 to 4.09. Peer influence was the highest-rated pattern,\r\n\r\nrecording a mean score of 4.09 (SD = 0.84), with 76.0% of respondents agreeing\r\n\r\nor strongly agreeing that peer relationships shaped youths’ substance-use\r\n\r\nbehaviour. This was followed by the rising visibility of youth drug use in the\r\n\r\ncommunity (mean = 4.03; 73.5%), the normalisation of substance use at social\r\n\r\nevents (mean = 4.00; 72.67%), and increased local availability of psychoactive\r\n\r\nsubstances (mean = 3.99; 72.0%). Exposure through informal drug distribution\r\n\r\nnetworks received 69.33% agreement, while perceived social acceptance of\r\n\r\nrecreational drug use among some youths recorded 69.0%. The association between\r\n\r\ndrug use and youth identity or lifestyle was the lowest-rated item, although\r\n\r\n58.83% of respondents agreed with the statement. These findings suggest that\r\n\r\npeer influence, community visibility, social normalisation, and substance\r\n\r\navailability are prominent perceived features of emerging drug culture among\r\n\r\nyouths in the study area."},{"id":135,"slug":"effectiveness-of-workplace-educational-intervention-on-hegenberger-retractor-use-for-perineal-tear-repair-among-midwives-in-cameroon","title":"Effectiveness of Workplace Educational Intervention on Hegenberger Retractor Use for Perineal Tear Repair among Midwives in Cameroon","url":"https://cartcarl.com/paper/effectiveness-of-workplace-educational-intervention-on-hegenberger-retractor-use-for-perineal-tear-repair-among-midwives-in-cameroon","doi":"https://doi.org/10.70726/cph.2026.8478001","published_at":"2026-10-09T17:03:13+00:00","discipline":"Life Sciences","journal":"Carl Public Health","authors":["Njobara I. K. L.","Edet, O. B","Ihudiebube-Splendor, C."],"abstract":"Perineal\r\n\r\ntrauma remains a significant contributor to postpartum morbidity, often\r\n\r\nresulting in complications such as pain, infection, dyspareunia, and anal\r\n\r\nincontinence. Inadequate visualization during repair and limited competency\r\n\r\namong midwives contribute to suboptimal outcomes. The Hegenberger retractor has\r\n\r\nbeen introduced to improve surgical exposure during perineal repair, yet its\r\n\r\nutilization remains low in many low-resource settings. This study evaluated the\r\n\r\neffectiveness of a workplace educational intervention on the knowledge, skills,\r\n\r\nand utilization of the Hegenberger retractor among midwives in Mboppi Baptist\r\n\r\nHospital, Douala, Cameroon. A quasi-experimental pretest–posttest design\r\n\r\nwithout a control group was employed. A total of 144 registered midwives\r\n\r\nparticipated. The intervention consisted of structured didactic teaching,\r\n\r\ndemonstration, simulation-based hands-on training, and supervised clinical\r\n\r\npractice over two days, followed by four weeks of practice reinforcement. Data\r\n\r\nwere collected using a structured questionnaire, observational checklist, and\r\n\r\npractice audit tool. Pre- and post-intervention outcomes were analyzed using\r\n\r\npaired t-tests at a significance level of p < 0.05. The majority of\r\n\r\nparticipants were female (91.7%), with most (66.7%) having 3–10 years of\r\n\r\nclinical experience. Knowledge scores improved significantly from a\r\n\r\npre-intervention mean of 56.2% to a post-intervention mean of 85.7% (p <\r\n\r\n0.001). Similarly, clinical skills competency increased from 48.5% to 82.3% (p\r\n\r\n< 0.001). Utilization of the Hegenberger retractor rose markedly from 22.9%\r\n\r\npre-intervention to 71.4% post-intervention, indicating substantial behavioral\r\n\r\nchange. The workplace educational intervention was highly effective in\r\n\r\nimproving midwives’ knowledge, clinical competence, and utilization of the\r\n\r\nHegenberger retractor in perineal tear repair. The findings underscore the\r\n\r\nvalue of structured, hands-on, workplace-based training in strengthening\r\n\r\nobstetric practice and improving maternal care outcomes in resource-limited\r\n\r\nsettings."},{"id":134,"slug":"neglect-as-a-predictor-of-anxiety-and-depression-among-elderly-persons-in-abia-state-nigeria","title":"Neglect as a Predictor of Anxiety and Depression Among Elderly Persons in Abia State, Nigeria","url":"https://cartcarl.com/paper/neglect-as-a-predictor-of-anxiety-and-depression-among-elderly-persons-in-abia-state-nigeria","doi":"https://doi.org/10.70726/cph.2026.8478002","published_at":"2026-10-09T08:06:30+00:00","discipline":"Life Sciences","journal":"Carl Public Health","authors":["Victor-Ochonma R. C.","Ekechukwu, R. O.","Eteng-Uket, S"],"abstract":"Neglect\r\n\r\nis an important form of elder mistreatment that may adversely affect the\r\n\r\npsychological wellbeing of older adults. It may involve failure to provide\r\n\r\nadequate care, attention, protection, assistance and emotional support to\r\n\r\nelderly persons who require such support. This study examined the extent to\r\n\r\nwhich neglect predicts anxiety and depression among elderly persons in Abia\r\n\r\nState, Nigeria. The study adopted a correlational research design. The\r\n\r\npopulation comprised elderly persons aged 60 years and above, approximately\r\n\r\n185,000 in Abia State, from which a sample of 399 elderly persons was selected\r\n\r\nthrough a multistage sampling procedure. Data were collected using a structured\r\n\r\nquestionnaire incorporating measures of neglect, anxiety and depression.\r\n\r\nAnxiety was assessed using the Geriatric Anxiety Inventory, while depression\r\n\r\nwas assessed using the Geriatric Depression Scale. Simple linear regression was\r\n\r\nused to answer the two research questions and test the corresponding null\r\n\r\nhypotheses at the 0.05 level of significance. The findings showed that neglect\r\n\r\nsignificantly predicted anxiety, with R = .317, R² = .100 and adjusted R² =\r\n\r\n.092, indicating that neglect accounted for approximately 10.0% of the variance\r\n\r\nin anxiety. The regression relationship was statistically significant, t =\r\n\r\n2.520, p < .001. Neglect also significantly predicted depression. The\r\n\r\nregression statistics produced R = .383, R² = .147 and adjusted R² = .145,\r\n\r\nindicating that neglect accounted for approximately 14.7% of the variance in\r\n\r\ndepression. The corresponding regression coefficient was statistically\r\n\r\nsignificant, t = 8.261, p < .001. The findings indicate that neglect is\r\n\r\nsignificantly associated with both anxiety and depression among elderly persons\r\n\r\nin Abia State. The study concludes that neglect constitutes an important\r\n\r\npsychosocial factor associated with the mental health of older adults."},{"id":133,"slug":"assessment-of-fire-safety-preparedness-of-merchants-in-the-principal-market-places-of-port-harcourt-metropolis-rivers-state","title":"Assessment of Fire Safety Preparedness of Merchants in the Principal Market Places of Port  Harcourt Metropolis, Rivers State","url":"https://cartcarl.com/paper/assessment-of-fire-safety-preparedness-of-merchants-in-the-principal-market-places-of-port-harcourt-metropolis-rivers-state","doi":"https://doi.org/10.70726/dss.2026.6567004","published_at":"2026-09-24T12:51:19+00:00","discipline":"Social Sciences","journal":"Disaster and Safety Sciences","authors":["Onuegbu W. C.","Igbanam, E. S.","Emerole, C. R."],"abstract":"Fire\r\n\r\ndisasters in major markets present serious socio-economic, human, and infrastructural\r\n\r\nchallenges, particularly in rapidly growing urban centres. This study assessed\r\n\r\nfire disaster management practices in five major markets in Port Harcourt\r\n\r\nMetropolis, focusing on the causes, effects, preparedness, emergency response,\r\n\r\nand recovery measures. A survey research design was adopted, and data were\r\n\r\ncollected from 398 respondents using structured questionnaires, supported by\r\n\r\nsecondary sources. Descriptive statistics and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) were\r\n\r\nused for data analysis and hypothesis testing. The findings revealed that the\r\n\r\nmajor causes of market fires include inadequate fire safety equipment (WM =\r\n\r\n4.26), careless handling of naked flames (WM = 4.23), poor electrical wiring\r\n\r\n(WM = 4.22), weak enforcement of safety regulations (WM = 4.20), and poor\r\n\r\nmarket planning (WM = 4.18). The effects were severe, including loss of\r\n\r\nlivelihoods (WM = 4.51), destruction of goods and property (WM = 4.50),\r\n\r\nincreased unemployment (WM = 4.45), and rising prices of goods (WM = 4.43). The\r\n\r\nstudy also found a low level of fire disaster preparedness, with all\r\n\r\npreparedness indicators recording weighted mean values below 2.32. ANOVA showed\r\n\r\nno significant variation in preparedness across the selected markets (p >\r\n\r\n0.05). Furthermore, emergency response and post-fire recovery facilities were\r\n\r\ninadequate, with weighted mean values ranging from 2.08 to 2.20. The study\r\n\r\nconcluded that inadequate infrastructure, weak enforcement of safety\r\n\r\nregulations, and poor preparedness increase the vulnerability of markets to\r\n\r\nfire disasters."},{"id":132,"slug":"assessing-community-based-pathways-for-strengthening-disaster-risk-reduction-and-resilience-in-south-east-nigeria-under-the-sendai-framework","title":"Assessing Community-Based Pathways for Strengthening Disaster Risk Reduction and Resilience in South-East Nigeria under the Sendai Framework","url":"https://cartcarl.com/paper/assessing-community-based-pathways-for-strengthening-disaster-risk-reduction-and-resilience-in-south-east-nigeria-under-the-sendai-framework","doi":"https://doi.org/10.70726/dss.2026.6567003","published_at":"2026-09-24T12:01:35+00:00","discipline":"Social Sciences","journal":"Disaster and Safety Sciences","authors":["Amama S. A","Wokoma, N. O.","Odele, N."],"abstract":"This\r\n\r\nstudy critically explores community-based strategies for disaster risk\r\n\r\nreduction (DRR) in South East Nigeria within the framework of the Sendai\r\n\r\nFramework for Disaster Risk Reduction (2015–2030). Utilizing empirical data\r\n\r\nfrom 22 respondents including community leaders, local officials, and policy\r\n\r\npractitioners the research examines preferred approaches for enhancing resilience\r\n\r\nby 2030. Results indicate strong support for integrated strategies combining\r\n\r\nfunding programs, multi-sector partnerships, capacity building, and localized\r\n\r\nrisk assessment. A significant proportion of respondents emphasized the need\r\n\r\nfor a comprehensive national emergency risk framework, early warning systems,\r\n\r\nand place-based resilience data to empower local action. Quantitative analysis\r\n\r\nreveals that 45.5% of respondents favoured a holistic approach across DRR\r\n\r\ndomains, underscoring the recognition of interdependent solutions. Further,\r\n\r\n59.1% advocated for multi-pronged pathways to infrastructure resilience\r\n\r\nencompassing governance reforms, spatial risk data, scenario planning, and\r\n\r\nstrategic investments. The findings highlight a growing consensus on the necessity\r\n\r\nof coordinated, grassroots-focused interventions to translate policy\r\n\r\ncommitments into sustainable and inclusive resilience outcomes in hazard-prone\r\n\r\nregions."},{"id":131,"slug":"spatial-patterns-of-marine-vessel-accidents-determinants-and-forecast-future-casualties-along-inland-waterways-in-rivers-state-nigeria","title":"Spatial Patterns of Marine Vessel Accidents Determinants and Forecast Future Casualties Along Inland Waterways in Rivers State, Nigeria","url":"https://cartcarl.com/paper/spatial-patterns-of-marine-vessel-accidents-determinants-and-forecast-future-casualties-along-inland-waterways-in-rivers-state-nigeria","doi":"https://doi.org/10.70726/tsl.2026.846X003","published_at":"2026-09-12T08:06:53+00:00","discipline":"Social Sciences","journal":"Transportation System and Logistics","authors":["Ehibor S. E.","Wizor C.H.","Kpang M. B. T."],"abstract":"This study\r\n\r\nanalyzes the spatial patterns of marine vessel accidents, examines their\r\n\r\ndeterminants, and forecasts future casualties along inland waterways in Rivers\r\n\r\nState, Nigeria. The study adopts a retrospective longitudinal research design\r\n\r\nintegrating Geographic Information Systems (GIS), statistical techniques, and\r\n\r\ntime-series forecasting. Data on recorded marine vessel accidents, fatalities,\r\n\r\ninjuries, accident locations, vessel types, causes, environmental conditions,\r\n\r\nand operational characteristics will be obtained from relevant maritime\r\n\r\nregulatory, safety, emergency-response, and security agencies. Primary data\r\n\r\nwill also be collected from vessel operators, passengers, boat owners,\r\n\r\nwaterfront residents, and other relevant stakeholders through structured\r\n\r\nquestionnaires and interviews. Descriptive statistical techniques will be used\r\n\r\nto establish accident frequencies, casualty levels, temporal trends, and major\r\n\r\naccident characteristics. GIS-based spatial techniques, including Kernel\r\n\r\nDensity Estimation, Average Nearest Neighbour, Global Moran’s I, and Getis-Ord\r\n\r\nGi* statistics, will be employed to identify accident concentrations, spatial\r\n\r\nclustering, and high-risk locations. Regression analysis will be used to\r\n\r\nexamine the effects of human, technical, environmental, infrastructural, and\r\n\r\ninstitutional factors on accident occurrence and severity. Furthermore,\r\n\r\ntime-series forecasting, particularly the Autoregressive Integrated Moving\r\n\r\nAverage (ARIMA) model, will be applied to historical casualty data to estimate\r\n\r\nfuture trends in fatalities and injuries. Forecasting accuracy will be\r\n\r\nevaluated using Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), and\r\n\r\nMean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE). The study is expected to identify\r\n\r\nsignificant spatial and temporal variations in marine vessel accidents, with\r\n\r\naccident hotspots potentially concentrated around heavily trafficked waterways,\r\n\r\nmajor jetties, navigationally difficult channels, and areas characterized by\r\n\r\nintensive commercial activities. Human-related factors, including overloading,\r\n\r\noverspeeding, inadequate safety compliance, operator error, and poor navigation\r\n\r\npractices, are expected to be important determinants, alongside mechanical\r\n\r\nfailures and adverse environmental conditions."},{"id":130,"slug":"review-on-the-contaminant-fate-and-transport-in-the-environmental-system","title":"Review on the Contaminant Fate and Transport in the Environmental System","url":"https://cartcarl.com/paper/review-on-the-contaminant-fate-and-transport-in-the-environmental-system","doi":"https://doi.org/10.70726/emps.2024.6575001","published_at":"2026-09-01T22:41:29+00:00","discipline":"Social Sciences","journal":"Environmental Monitoring and Pollution Studies","authors":["Afolabi Omobolaji O."],"abstract":"Upon\r\n\r\nentering the environment, chemicals are transported and distributed over the\r\n\r\nvarious environmental compartments and may be transformed into other chemicals.\r\n\r\nChemical, biological, or radiological contaminants can seep into the soil and\r\n\r\nenter groundwater, runoff into streams, or be transported through the air. The\r\n\r\nmost common pollution sources is the anthropogenic ones. This article reviews\r\n\r\nthe principles that govern the fate and transport of many classes of chemicals\r\n\r\nin three major environmental media: surface waters, soil and groundwater (the\r\n\r\nsubsurface), and the atmosphere. Soils are the highest sinks for heavy metals\r\n\r\nreleased into the environment by anthropogenic activities, while pollutants in\r\n\r\nthe environment can range from local to regional as well as transboundary as\r\n\r\npollutants capable of being transferred, dispersed, and stored in several\r\n\r\nenvironmental components. Understanding the fate of these elements when\r\n\r\nrealised in the environment is critical in their management and clean-up. The\r\n\r\ninfluence of climate and climate change on the fate of contaminants and\r\n\r\ntransport in the environment should be further reviewed and studied\r\n\r\nextensively. Future research could be addressed to either enhance the existing\r\n\r\nanalytical models or to propose new advanced ones while preserving their\r\n\r\nsuitability for engineering applications to obtain a more realistic\r\n\r\nrepresentation of contaminant fate and transport in the environment."},{"id":129,"slug":"source-apportionment-and-concentration-of-potentially-toxic-elements-in-surface-water-and-sediments-of-okulu-aleto-river-rivers-state-nigeria","title":"Source Apportionment and Concentration of Potentially Toxic Elements in Surface Water and Sediments of Okulu-Aleto River, Rivers State, Nigeria","url":"https://cartcarl.com/paper/source-apportionment-and-concentration-of-potentially-toxic-elements-in-surface-water-and-sediments-of-okulu-aleto-river-rivers-state-nigeria","doi":"https://doi.org/10.70726/eeh.2026.9594001 ","published_at":"2026-08-25T22:53:49+00:00","discipline":"Physical Sciences","journal":"Ecotoxicology and Environmental Health","authors":["Afolabi Omobolaji O.","Hart, A. I","Nwankwoala, H. O."],"abstract":"Urbanization and industrial activities continuously introduce potentially\r\n\r\ntoxic elements (PTEs) into the terrestrial and aquatic environments, leading to\r\n\r\nvarious health-related challenges. This study evaluates the concentration of\r\n\r\nPTEs (Cadmium (Cd), Chromium (Cr), Copper (Cu), Nickel (Ni), Zinc (Zn), Lead\r\n\r\n(Pb) and Iron (Fe)) and sources identification in the surface water and\r\n\r\nsediment of Okulu-Aleto River, Rivers State, Nigeria. Using the Atomic\r\n\r\nAbsorption Spectroscopic technique, the concentration of the studied PTEs were\r\n\r\nmonitored for 4 surface water and 3 sediment samples. The mean concentration\r\n\r\nshowed that the PTEs descended as Pb (0.126) > Cr (0.122) > Ni (0.061)\r\n\r\n> Cu (0.051) > Zn (0.039) > Cd (0.005) and all concentrations are\r\n\r\nwithin the WHO limit for surface water. The mean concentration descended as Cu\r\n\r\n(1.482) > Zn (1.215) > Cr (0.265) > Pb (0.119) > Ni ≥ Cd and all\r\n\r\nconcentration are within the WHO limit except Cr across all sampling points and\r\n\r\nCu at the upstream sampling point. Multivariate statistical analyses, including\r\n\r\nPearson Correlation Coefficient and Principal Component Analysis, identified\r\n\r\nboth lithogenic and anthropogenic sources, with industrial discharges,\r\n\r\nwastewater inputs, and sand mining activities contributing significantly to\r\n\r\ncontamination. Strong positive loadings of Cr, Cu, Ni, and Pb indicated shared\r\n\r\nanthropogenic origins, while variations in Fe and Zn suggested mixed sources.\r\n\r\nContinuous monitoring and integrated pollution management strategies are\r\n\r\ntherefore recommended to safeguard ecosystem integrity and public health."},{"id":128,"slug":"cultural-competence-and-palliative-care-quality-an-assessment-of-social-work-counsellors-in-port-harcourt-nigeria","title":"Cultural Competence and Palliative Care Quality: An Assessment of Social Work Counsellors in Port Harcourt, Nigeria","url":"https://cartcarl.com/paper/cultural-competence-and-palliative-care-quality-an-assessment-of-social-work-counsellors-in-port-harcourt-nigeria","doi":"https://doi.org/10.70726/aarb.2026.9586005 ","published_at":"2026-08-20T23:32:32+00:00","discipline":"MultiDisciplinary Studies","journal":"Advance African Research Bulletin","authors":["Victor-Ochonma R. C.","Ekechukwu, R. O","Akani, Y"],"abstract":"This study examined cultural competence and palliative care quality: an\r\n\r\nassessment of social work counsellors in Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria.\r\n\r\nThe study adopted a Correlational Research Design. The study population\r\n\r\ncomprises professional social workers and counsellors involved in palliative\r\n\r\ncare and psychosocial support within selected healthcare institutions in Port\r\n\r\nHarcourt. Sample size of 127 was determined using the Taro Yamane formula,\r\n\r\nwhile purposive sampling was used to select participants who met the specified\r\n\r\ninclusion criteria. Data was collected using structured and standardized\r\n\r\ninstruments designed to measure cultural competence and the quality of\r\n\r\npalliative care delivery. The data was analyzed using simple linear regression\r\n\r\nanalysis which revealed that the unstandardized coefficient for cultural\r\n\r\ncompetence was 0.023, indicating minor potential increase in the quality of\r\n\r\npalliative care per unit increase in cultural competence. The standardized\r\n\r\ncoefficient (Beta) of 0.024 indicated a weak positive relationship further\r\n\r\nunderscores the minimal impact. Though the positive impact is minimal, cultural\r\n\r\ncompetencies is still an essential requirement for effective palliative care\r\n\r\npractice particularly in diverse cultural contexts and provided evidence on the\r\n\r\nneed to integrate cultural competence training into broader professional\r\n\r\ndevelopment programs to maximize its impact in delivering personalized care in\r\n\r\npalliative settings. Ultimately, the study provided useful recommendations for\r\n\r\nimproving cultural competence, which involves understanding and respecting\r\n\r\npatients' diverse backgrounds which is crucial in delivering personalized care\r\n\r\nand enhancing the quality and effectiveness of palliative care services in\r\n\r\nNigeria."},{"id":127,"slug":"customary-inheritance-and-lineage-systems-implications-for-women-s-property-rights-in-ekpeyeland-rivers-state-nigeria","title":"Customary Inheritance and Lineage Systems: Implications for Women's Property Rights in Ekpeyeland, Rivers State, Nigeria","url":"https://cartcarl.com/paper/customary-inheritance-and-lineage-systems-implications-for-women-s-property-rights-in-ekpeyeland-rivers-state-nigeria","doi":"https://doi.org/10.70726/cam.2026.6583005","published_at":"2026-08-20T22:51:45+00:00","discipline":"MultiDisciplinary Studies","journal":"Carl Advance Multidisciplinary","authors":["Menney-Amgbare Sarah Hope C.","Onyige, C. D.","Gbenemene, K"],"abstract":"This\r\n\r\nstudy investigated how customary inheritance and lineage systems influence\r\n\r\nwomen's property rights in Ekpeyeland, Rivers State, Nigeria, amid persistent\r\n\r\ngender disparities despite constitutional protections. Specifically, the study\r\n\r\nassessed the nature of these systems, their impact on women's property\r\n\r\nownership, the resulting socio-economic implications, and strategies for\r\n\r\nequitable reform. Employing a descriptive survey design, the study utilized a\r\n\r\nmultistage sampling procedure to select 400 stakeholders from a target\r\n\r\npopulation of 583,900 using the Taro Yamane formula. Data collected through\r\n\r\nstructured questionnaires and key informant interviews were analyzed using\r\n\r\ndescriptive statistics and Chi-square tests at a 0.05 significance level. The\r\n\r\nfindings revealed that customary and patrilineal systems remain the dominant\r\n\r\ndeterminants of property ownership, significantly restricting daughters and\r\n\r\nwidows due to entrenched patriarchal norms. This lack of ownership negatively\r\n\r\nimpacts women’s economic empowerment, agricultural productivity, and household\r\n\r\ndecision-making. While education and judicial decisions have sparked gradual\r\n\r\nprogress, customary institutions still hold substantial sway. The study\r\n\r\nconcluded that protecting women's property rights requires harmonizing\r\n\r\ncustomary practices with constitutional principles of equality. It recommends\r\n\r\nreviewing discriminatory customs, enhancing legal literacy for women,\r\n\r\nstrengthening judicial enforcement, and fostering collaboration among\r\n\r\ngovernment agencies, traditional rulers, and civil society organizations."},{"id":126,"slug":"diversity-and-distribution-of-clam-species-in-the-creeks-of-the-niger-delta-nigeria","title":"Diversity and Distribution of Clam Species in the Creeks of the Niger Delta, Nigeria","url":"https://cartcarl.com/paper/diversity-and-distribution-of-clam-species-in-the-creeks-of-the-niger-delta-nigeria","doi":"https://doi.org/10.70726/ehs.2026.8516001","published_at":"2026-07-22T23:01:34+00:00","discipline":"Life Sciences","journal":"Eco-Health and Sustainability","authors":["Wisdom U. G.","Menibaa, Igwe Nwaudo","Oghanri, Sunday Ubochi"],"abstract":"Clams (Bivalvia) are key\r\n\r\ncomponents of estuarine ecosystems, contributing to nutrient cycling, sediment\r\n\r\nstabilization, and overall benthic biodiversity. This study investigated the\r\n\r\ndiversity and distribution of clam species in selected creeks of the Niger\r\n\r\nDelta, Nigeria, and examined the influence of environmental parameters on\r\n\r\nspecies composition. Eight clam species Abra\r\n\r\nprofundorum, Adontorhina keegani, Bornia sebetia, Mytilus edulis, Mactra\r\n\r\nstultorum, Mendicula ferruginosa, Ervilia castanea, and Hemilepton nitidum were\r\n\r\nsurveyed across five sampling stations. Diversity indices including Species\r\n\r\nRichness (S), Shannon-Wiener Index (H′), Simpson’s Dominance Index (D), and\r\n\r\nEvenness (E) were computed. The Shannon index ranged from 1.85 to 2.02, with\r\n\r\nevenness values between 0.89 and 0.97, indicating moderate diversity with\r\n\r\nslight dominance by Mytilus edulis in lower creek stations. Analysis of\r\n\r\nvariance (ANOVA) revealed significant differences in species diversity among\r\n\r\necological zones (F = 6.72, p < 0.05). Pearson correlation analysis showed a\r\n\r\nstrong negative correlation between salinity and diversity (r = −0.96, p <\r\n\r\n0.01) and a strong positive correlation between dissolved oxygen and diversity\r\n\r\n(r = 0.94, p < 0.01). Multivariate analyses including Principal Component\r\n\r\nAnalysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis identified salinity as the\r\n\r\nprimary environmental driver, with stations clustering according to ecological\r\n\r\nzones reflecting environmental gradients. The findings demonstrate that clam\r\n\r\ndiversity in the Niger Delta creeks is significantly influenced by salinity and\r\n\r\noxygen availability, highlighting the importance of monitoring environmental\r\n\r\nchanges to ensure sustainable management of benthic resources."},{"id":125,"slug":"enhancing-national-security-through-prospective-countermeasures-to-terrorism-in-nigeria","title":"Enhancing National Security Through Prospective Countermeasures to Terrorism in Nigeria","url":"https://cartcarl.com/paper/enhancing-national-security-through-prospective-countermeasures-to-terrorism-in-nigeria","doi":"https://doi.org/10.70726/cam.2026.6583004","published_at":"2026-07-07T08:36:46+00:00","discipline":"MultiDisciplinary Studies","journal":"Carl Advance Multidisciplinary","authors":["Lekara T. D","Nna Daniel, C.","Alabi O. A."],"abstract":"All\r\n\r\nover the world, terrorism is a global condemnable crime committed by a loner or\r\n\r\ngroup of persons in other to cause chaos, civil unrest and destructions.  In Nigerian, this criminal act has long been\r\n\r\nin existence but became a national emergency situation since July 2009 as\r\n\r\ndocumented. Since then, the government of Nigeria has been battling this\r\n\r\nrebellious militant armed group which was formed with various ideology and\r\n\r\nmission against the state of Nigeria. In other for the government of Nigeria to\r\n\r\ntackle this menace, a federal law was enacted cited as the Terrorism Prevention\r\n\r\nand Prohibition Act, 2022, which provide detailed legal document for punishment\r\n\r\nof acts of terrorism and its financing. \r\n\r\nThis paper seeks to proffer tri-state countermeasures to dislodge\r\n\r\nterrorism in activities the country, evaluate and analyzed some documented\r\n\r\nterror activities obtained from newspaper publication, published journals by\r\n\r\nscholars, and other related trusted data sources.  The study results show in recent times\r\n\r\nterrorist activities continue to thrive most especially in the Northern part of\r\n\r\nNigeria despite national policies criminalising terrorist activities and\r\n\r\ncurrent state of security measures put in place for rapid response to crime\r\n\r\nscene seem not to be effective in combatting terrorist. This paper has put\r\n\r\nforward preventive mechanism, adoptable strategies and non-biased recommendation\r\n\r\nfor eradicating terrorism in Nigeria."},{"id":124,"slug":"assessment-of-the-influence-of-police-salary-structure-on-deviant-behaviour-among-officers-of-the-rivers-state-police-command-in-nigeria","title":"Assessment of the Influence of Police Salary Structure on Deviant Behaviour among Officers of the Rivers State Police Command in Nigeria","url":"https://cartcarl.com/paper/assessment-of-the-influence-of-police-salary-structure-on-deviant-behaviour-among-officers-of-the-rivers-state-police-command-in-nigeria","doi":"https://doi.org/10.70726/aarb.2026.9586004 ","published_at":"2026-07-07T07:34:30+00:00","discipline":"MultiDisciplinary Studies","journal":"Advance African Research Bulletin","authors":["Henry I. A.","Anele K. A.","Samuel, K. P."],"abstract":"Salary structure is a critical component of employee welfare and an\r\n\r\nimportant determinant of motivation, job satisfaction, and organizational\r\n\r\nbehaviour. Within law enforcement agencies, an adequate and equitable salary\r\n\r\nstructure is expected to promote professionalism, ethical conduct, and\r\n\r\nworkplace discipline while reducing the likelihood of misconduct among\r\n\r\nofficers. However, inadequate remuneration and perceived inequities in salary\r\n\r\nadministration may create financial stress and dissatisfaction that encourage\r\n\r\ndeviant behaviours such as bribery, extortion, abuse of power, absenteeism, and\r\n\r\ncorruption. This study examines the influence of the police salary structure on\r\n\r\ndeviant behaviour among police officers in the Rivers State Command of the\r\n\r\nNigeria Police Force. Specifically, the study investigates the extent to which\r\n\r\nsalary levels and compensation practices affect officers' professional conduct\r\n\r\nand adherence to ethical standards. The study adopts a descriptive survey\r\n\r\nresearch design and is anchored on Equity Theory and Maslow's Hierarchy of\r\n\r\nNeeds Theory, which emphasize the relationship between employee welfare and\r\n\r\nworkplace behaviour. It is expected that a fair and competitive salary\r\n\r\nstructure will reduce financial pressures, improve job satisfaction, strengthen\r\n\r\norganizational commitment, and discourage deviant behaviour among officers.\r\n\r\nConversely, inadequate salary structures may increase the propensity for\r\n\r\nunethical practices that undermine public confidence and organizational effectiveness.\r\n\r\nThe study provides empirical evidence on the relationship between police\r\n\r\nremuneration and deviant behaviour and offers policy recommendations for\r\n\r\nstrengthening personnel welfare and improving professionalism within the Rivers\r\n\r\nState Police Command."},{"id":123,"slug":"social-consequences-of-crude-oil-theft-on-host-communities-and-security-in-nigeria","title":"Social Consequences of Crude Oil Theft on Host Communities and Security in Nigeria","url":"https://cartcarl.com/paper/social-consequences-of-crude-oil-theft-on-host-communities-and-security-in-nigeria","doi":"https://doi.org/10.70726/cam.2026.6583003","published_at":"2026-07-02T09:52:21+00:00","discipline":"MultiDisciplinary Studies","journal":"Carl Advance Multidisciplinary","authors":["Ajuluchukwu E. C","Elenwo, E. I.","Iwuoha, S. E"],"abstract":"This\r\n\r\nstudy evaluated the social consequences of crude oil theft on host communities\r\n\r\nand security in Nigeria, with particular emphasis on its relationship with\r\n\r\nviolence and insecurity. A quantitative research design was adopted, utilizing\r\n\r\nboth primary and secondary data. Primary data were obtained through a\r\n\r\nstructured questionnaire administered to 400 respondents selected from\r\n\r\noil-producing communities, while secondary data on petroleum revenue were\r\n\r\nsourced from relevant government agencies for the period under review.\r\n\r\nDescriptive statistics, One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), and inferential\r\n\r\nstatistical techniques were employed to analyze the data. The findings revealed\r\n\r\nthat 82.5% of the respondents either strongly agreed or agreed that crude oil\r\n\r\ntheft significantly contributes to violence and insecurity in host communities,\r\n\r\nwhereas only 17.5% expressed contrary opinions. This indicates a strong public\r\n\r\nperception that illegal oil-related activities have intensified armed\r\n\r\nconflicts, pipeline vandalism, kidnapping, and other forms of criminality in\r\n\r\nthe Niger Delta region. Furthermore, the ANOVA results showed a statistically\r\n\r\nsignificant variation in petroleum revenue across the study years (F = 66.45, p\r\n\r\n< 0.001), suggesting that crude oil theft and associated disruptions have\r\n\r\nsubstantially affected revenue generation in Nigeria's petroleum sector.The\r\n\r\nstudy concludes that crude oil theft extends beyond economic losses to\r\n\r\nconstitute a major social and security challenge, undermining community\r\n\r\nstability, public safety, and sustainable development. It recommends\r\n\r\nstrengthening surveillance of oil infrastructure, enhancing intelligence-driven\r\n\r\nsecurity operations, promoting community participation in pipeline protection,\r\n\r\ncreating sustainable livelihood opportunities for youths, and implementing\r\n\r\ntransparent resource governance policies to mitigate the social and security\r\n\r\nconsequences of crude oil theft in Nigeria."},{"id":122,"slug":"effectiveness-of-intelligent-transport-system-in-the-management-of-traffic-congestion-in-abuja-metropolis-nigeria","title":"Effectiveness of Intelligent Transport System in the Management of Traffic Congestion in Abuja Metropolis, Nigeria","url":"https://cartcarl.com/paper/effectiveness-of-intelligent-transport-system-in-the-management-of-traffic-congestion-in-abuja-metropolis-nigeria","doi":"https://doi.org/10.70726/tsl.2026.846X002","published_at":"2026-07-02T08:19:11+00:00","discipline":"Social Sciences","journal":"Transportation System and Logistics","authors":["Damana A. I","Wizor C. H.","Okodudu, E. E.","Iwuoha, S. E."],"abstract":"This study\r\n\r\nexamined the effectiveness of the Intelligent Transport System (ITS) in\r\n\r\nreducing traffic congestion in Abuja metropolis, Nigeria. The study assessed\r\n\r\nthe causes of traffic congestion, the level of deployment of ITS and the\r\n\r\neffectives of ITS in traffic management. The study adopted a mixed research\r\n\r\ndesign, with a population of 42973 road users and a sample size of 396\r\n\r\nrespondents shared between different categories of road users such as private\r\n\r\nand commercial vehicle drivers. A structured questionnaire administered to road\r\n\r\nusers and interview with transport officials served as data collection\r\n\r\ninstruments. Collected data was analysed using descriptive and inferential\r\n\r\nstatistics such as mean, percentages and frequencies. The hypothesis was tested\r\n\r\nusing Pearson correlation analysis, while interview responses were analysed\r\n\r\nthematically.  Findings revealed that\r\n\r\nhigh level of vehicle ownership, poor public transport and traffic management\r\n\r\nsystems were the major causes of traffic congestion in Abuja. ITS was still at\r\n\r\na nascent stage, characterised by a coverage rate of less than 30% of total\r\n\r\nroad intersections in Abuja, with a moderately effective impact on traffic\r\n\r\nmanagement (mean = 3.37). Pearson correlation analysis further revealed that\r\n\r\nimprovement in ITS effectiveness will result in reduced congestion (r = 0.584,\r\n\r\np < 0.05). Government was encouraged to invest more in the expansion of ITS\r\n\r\ninfrastructure across major road corridors and intersections within Abuja\r\n\r\nmetropolis."},{"id":121,"slug":"advanced-pipeline-surveillance-technologies-and-infrastructure-security-in-nigeria-challenges-opportunities-and-adoption-trends","title":"Advanced Pipeline Surveillance Technologies and Infrastructure Security in Nigeria: Challenges, Opportunities, and Adoption Trends","url":"https://cartcarl.com/paper/advanced-pipeline-surveillance-technologies-and-infrastructure-security-in-nigeria-challenges-opportunities-and-adoption-trends","doi":"https://doi.org/10.70726/dss.2026.65670021","published_at":"2026-06-14T21:21:15+00:00","discipline":"Social Sciences","journal":"Disaster and Safety Sciences","authors":["Bademosi A. I.","Joel, O. F.","Ugbebor, J. N"],"abstract":"This\r\n\r\nstudy examines the challenges, opportunities, and adoption trends associated\r\n\r\nwith advanced pipeline surveillance technologies and infrastructure security in\r\n\r\nNigeria. Using a quantitative survey design, data were collected from pipeline\r\n\r\noperators, regulators, service providers, and industry experts to assess the\r\n\r\ncauses and consequences of unplanned leaks, the effectiveness of existing\r\n\r\nmanagement strategies, and the state of surveillance and monitoring practices\r\n\r\nwithin the sector. The findings reveal that corrosion and external damage\r\n\r\nconstitute the most significant causes of pipeline leaks, while ageing\r\n\r\ninfrastructure remains a major driver of increasing incident trends.\r\n\r\nRespondents identified environmental, economic, health and safety, and\r\n\r\nreputational impacts as severe consequences of pipeline failures. The results\r\n\r\nfurther indicate that spill incidents remain widespread across the industry,\r\n\r\nwith over 90% of respondents reporting at least one spill event within the\r\n\r\nprevious three years, suggesting that pipeline failures are systemic rather\r\n\r\nthan operator-specific. Although current integrity management strategies were\r\n\r\nconsidered moderately effective, significant gaps remain in inspection\r\n\r\ncoverage, maintenance practices, and real-time monitoring capabilities. The\r\n\r\nstudy highlights the growing importance of advanced surveillance technologies,\r\n\r\nincluding drones, smart sensors, satellite monitoring, fibre-optic systems, and\r\n\r\nintegrated SCADA platforms, in improving pipeline security and leak detection.\r\n\r\nHowever, adoption is constrained by financial limitations, inadequate technical\r\n\r\ncapacity, regulatory challenges, and infrastructure deficits. The study\r\n\r\nconcludes that strengthening pipeline security in Nigeria requires greater\r\n\r\ninvestment in advanced monitoring technologies, enhanced regulatory\r\n\r\nenforcement, robust integrity data management systems, community participation,\r\n\r\nand sustained capacity development. "},{"id":120,"slug":"workers-training-workload-stress-and-productivity-in-tertiary-institutions-in-the-niger-delta-nigeria","title":"Workers’ Training, Workload, Stress, and Productivity in Tertiary Institutions in the Niger Delta, Nigeria","url":"https://cartcarl.com/paper/workers-training-workload-stress-and-productivity-in-tertiary-institutions-in-the-niger-delta-nigeria","doi":"https://doi.org/10.70726/dss.2026.6567001","published_at":"2026-06-02T08:55:17+00:00","discipline":"Social Sciences","journal":"Disaster and Safety Sciences","authors":["Kpegah A. D.","Obari, O.","Richard, A"],"abstract":"This\r\n\r\nstudy examined the relationship between workers’ training and development,\r\n\r\nworkload/stress, and workers’ productivity in selected tertiary institutions in\r\n\r\nthe Niger Delta region of Nigeria. The study became necessary due to persistent\r\n\r\nconcerns regarding inadequate staff development programmes, excessive workload,\r\n\r\noccupational stress, and declining productivity among workers in Nigerian\r\n\r\ntertiary institutions. A descriptive survey research design was adopted, while\r\n\r\nprimary and secondary data were utilised for the study. Structured\r\n\r\nquestionnaires were administered to respondents across selected tertiary\r\n\r\ninstitutions in Rivers, Bayelsa, Akwa-Ibom, Cross-River, and Delta States. A\r\n\r\ntotal of 400 copies of questionnaire were distributed, while 383 valid copies\r\n\r\nrepresenting 95.75% were retrieved and used for analysis. Spearman’s Rank Order\r\n\r\nCorrelation Coefficient was used to test the hypotheses at 0.05 level of\r\n\r\nsignificance. Findings revealed a strong and positive relationship between\r\n\r\nworkers’ training and development and workers’ productivity with correlation\r\n\r\ncoefficient (r = 0.882) and significance value (p = 0.001 < 0.01),\r\n\r\nindicating that effective training and development programmes significantly\r\n\r\nenhance workers’ productivity. The study also revealed a significant negative\r\n\r\nrelationship between workload/stress and workers’ productivity with correlation\r\n\r\ncoefficient (r = -0.724) and significance value (p = 0.004 < 0.01),\r\n\r\nindicating that excessive workload and occupational stress significantly reduce\r\n\r\nworkers’ productivity. The study concluded that workers’ training and\r\n\r\ndevelopment positively improve productivity, while excessive workload and\r\n\r\nstress negatively affect workers’ efficiency and performance in tertiary\r\n\r\ninstitutions. The study recommended regular staff training programmes, effective\r\n\r\nworkload distribution, stress management strategies, and improved staff welfare\r\n\r\npolicies to enhance workers’ productivity."},{"id":119,"slug":"causes-and-extent-of-fire-fighting-equipment-availability-among-public-buildings-in-federal-capital-territory-nigeria","title":"Causes and Extent of Fire-Fighting Equipment Availability among Public Buildings in Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria","url":"https://cartcarl.com/paper/causes-and-extent-of-fire-fighting-equipment-availability-among-public-buildings-in-federal-capital-territory-nigeria","doi":"https://doi.org/10.70726/dss.2025.6567002","published_at":"2026-06-01T22:58:32+00:00","discipline":"Social Sciences","journal":"Disaster and Safety Sciences","authors":["Udoh Hope I.","Obafemi A. A.","Mbee M. D."],"abstract":"Public\r\n\r\nbuildings are very crucial in the social and economy of every country and have\r\n\r\nbeen subjected to various hazards including fire incidents leading to various\r\n\r\ndegree of destructions. The study examines the causes and extent of\r\n\r\nfire-fighting equipment availability among public buildings in the Federal\r\n\r\nCapital Territory, Nigeria. Four hundred (400) questionnaires were administered\r\n\r\namong randomly selected respondents (public building occupants); however, 376\r\n\r\nwere returned and analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics such as\r\n\r\nfrequency count, percentage and one-sample t-test. The outcome of the study\r\n\r\nshowed that electrical fault (22.9%), careless in the use of fire (20.2%),\r\n\r\nnegligence (17.5%) and overload of electrical appliance (17.3%) are perceived\r\n\r\nas major causes of fire incidents. Respondents are not satisfied (76.9%) with\r\n\r\nthe extent of fire-fighting equipment available in their building where fire hydrant\r\n\r\n(72.1%), flame detector (94.7%), smoke detector (67.0%) and fire alarm system\r\n\r\n(69.1%) are not available. Most buildings are equipped with fire safety signs\r\n\r\n(76.9%), fire extinguisher (89.1%) and sand (72.3%) and they are functioning.\r\n\r\nIn conclusion, fire incidents among public building is caused by electrical\r\n\r\nfault, careless in the use of fire and negligence and the impact is exacerbated\r\n\r\ndue to insufficient fire-fighting equipment. Therefore, public building should\r\n\r\nbe well fitted with various firefighting equipment, maintained, tested and\r\n\r\nupgraded frequently to avoid failure when needed."}]}